By Abigail Marshall © 2003 DDAI. (Updated 2015, 2017)
Used with permission: https://www.dyslexia.com/research/articles/alternative-brain-pathways/
Scientists studying the brain have found that dyslexic adults who become capable readers use different neural pathways than non-dyslexics. This research shows that there are two independent systems for reading: one that is typical for the majority of readers, and another that is more effective for the dyslexic thinker. [reprinted with permission by Abigail Marshall]
Scientists studying the brain have found that dyslexic adults who become capable readers use different neural pathways than non-dyslexics. This research shows that there are two independent systems for reading: one that is typical for the majority of readers, and another that is more effective for the dyslexic thinker.
NIMH STUDY OF DYSLEXIC ADULTS
Researchers Judith Rumsey and Barry Horwitz at the National Institute of Mental Health used positron emission tomography (PET) to compare regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) among dyslexic and non-dyslexic men. The dyslexic subjects had childhood histories of dyslexia and continued to show some symptoms related to reading, but their overall reading ability varied. For some word recognition and comprehension tasks, the dyslexic men scored as well as or better than controls.
Research correlating brain activity with reading ability showed an intriguing inverse relationship between reading ability and cerebral blood flow patterns. For non-dyslexic controls, stronger activation of left hemispheric reading systems, including the left angular gyrus, corresponded to better reading skill. For dyslexic subjects, the opposite was true: the stronger the left-hemispheric pattern, the poorer the reader. In contrast, increased reading skill for dyslexics was correlated with greater reliance on the right hemispheric systems.
The researchers explained:
“The rCBF–reading test correlations identified a region in/near the left angular gyrus as significantly related to level of reading skill within both groups. These correlations were uniformly positive for the control group and uniformly negative for the dyslexic group, indicating diametrically opposed relationships in the two groups….within the control group higher rCBF was associated with better reading skill and that within the dyslexic group higher rCBF was associated with worse reading skill, or more severe dyslexia.”
The researchers observed a similar pattern in the right hemisphere, in an area near the right angular gyrus. In the right brain area, the dyslexic men had higher activation levels than controls during the word reading tasks, which correlated positively to improved reading ability. For the non-dyslexic control group, such activation pattern was negatively correlated to reading ability.
COMPARISON OF READING OUTCOMES AMONG CHILDREN FOLLOWED SINCE KINDERGARTEN
A team of researchers led by Sally Shaywitz at Yale University has confirmed that dyslexic individuals who become good readers have a different pattern of brain use than either non-dyslexic readers, or dyslexics who still read poorly. The researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate brain activity among 20-year-old dyslexic men and women selected from a group that had been followed since kindergarten. All the dyslexic subjects had a history of severe reading impairment in early childhood. However, while some of the students continued to struggle with reading throughout their school years (“persistently poor readers”), others improved by their high school years, becoming accurate readers with strong comprehension skills (“accuracy improved readers”).
Dyslexic subjects from both groups as well as non-dyslexic control subjects were asked to perform reading tasks involving phonological processing (non-word rhyming test) and ascertaining meaning (semantic category test). During the non-word rhyming test [“Do leat and jete rhyme?], both dyslexic groups showed less activation of the left posterior and temporal areas of the brain as compared to the control group. However, the dyslexics who were improved readers also had greater activation of right temporal areas and both right and left frontal areas.
For the semantic category test [“Are corn and rice in the same category?”] the persistently poor readers showed brain activity very similar to the non-dyslexic control group, despite the fact that their reading performance was significantly impaired. Like the control group, the persistently poor readers activate left posterior and temporal systems. In contrast, the improved dyslexic readers bypassed this area entirely.
This research suggests that for dyslexic readers, the left brain areas associated with phonetic decoding are ineffective. While a non-dyslexic reader finds such pathways an efficient route to reading, the dyslexic reader essentially becomes entangled in a neural traffic jam. In contrast, dyslexics who bypass these mental pathways, relying more on areas of the brain involved in nonverbal thought and in analytic thought, are able to become capable readers.
IMPACT OF FINDINGS FOR EDUCATION
These brain imaging studies show that teaching methods that may work well for a large majority of schoolchildren may be counterproductive when used with dyslexic children. Teaching methods based on intensive or systematic drill in phonemic awareness or phonetic decoding strategies may actually be harmful to dyslexic children. Such teaching might simply emphasize reliance on mental strategies that are as likely to diminish reading ability for dyslexic children as they are to improve it, increasing both the frustration and impairment level of dyslexic students.
DAVIS THEORY AND METHODS
Davis Dyslexia Correction® emphasize a creative, meaning-based strategy for acquisition of basic reading skills. Children (and adults) use clay to model the concepts that are associated with word meanings at the same time as modeling the letters of each word in clay. At the primary level, these methods provide a route to learning to read that seems easier for students with dyslexic tendencies than traditional instruction. Among older dyslexic children and adults, these methods routinely lead to very rapid progress in reading ability.
Scientists know from other studies that the right brain hemisphere is where the mind connects written words to their meanings, and that it is where creative and imaginative thought takes place. Modeling words in clay can help build the mental pathways that brain scan evidence shows to be crucial for reading development among dyslexic students.
References cited:
Horwitz B, Rumsey JM, Donahue BC (1998), Functional connectivity of the angular gyrus and dyslexia. Neurobiology: 95: 8939-8944. [Abstract]
Rumsey, JM, Horwitz, B, et al (1999): A functional lesion in developmental dyslexia: left angular gyral blood flow predicts severity. Brain and Language, 70: 187-204. [Abstract]
Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA, Fulbright R, et al (2003). Neural Systems for Compensation and Persistence: Young Adult Outcome of Childhood Reading Disability. Biological Psychiatry 54:25-33. [Abstract]
Leonard CM, Eckert MA (2008). Assymetry and Dyslexia. Dev Neuropsychol, 33(6): 663-681, doi: 10.1080/87565640802418597. [Abstract]
Updates from Recent Research
Hoeft F, McCandliss BD, Black JM, et al (2010). Neural systems predicting long-term outcome in dyslexia. PNAS, vol 108 no. 1: 361-366 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1008950108. [Abstract]
Welcome SE, Leonard CM, Chiarello C (2010). Alternate reading strategies and variable asymmetry of the planum temporale in adult resilient readers. Brain and Language, 113: 73-83. [Abstract]
Welcome SE, Chiarello C, Thompson PM, Sowell ER (2011).Reading Skill is Related to Individual Differences in Brain Structure in College Students. Human Brain Mapping 32 8):1194–1205. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21101. [Abstract]
Waldie KE, Wilson AJ, Roberts R, Moreau D (2017). Reading network in dyslexia: Similar, yet different. Brain and Language, 174: 29-41. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.07.004. [Abstract]
Cavalli E, Duncan LG, Elbro C, et al. (2017) Phonemic-Morphemic dissociation in university students with dyslexia: an index of reading compensation? Annals of Dyslexia, 67(1):63-84. doi: 10.1007/s11881-016-0138-y [Abstract]
Cavalli E, Colé P, et al. (2017). Spatiotemporal reorganization of the reading network in adult dyslexia. Cortex, 92:204-221. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.04.01. [Abstract]
Marshall, Abigail. (2015). “Brain Scans Show Dyslexics Read Better with Alternative Strategies.” Davis Dyslexia Association International, www.dyslexia.com
Comments